| Human papillomavirus infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in North America. HPV, sometimes referred to as genital warts, can cause warts to grow in the vagina, rectum, vulva, or groin. When visible, these warts are usually painless, fleshy swellings, white to gray in color, but they may be pink or purple. When warts are not visible, a Pap smear or a more specialized HPV test may be the only way to detect the virus. Warts are unsightly and may become irritated but do not cause any serious complications. However, the virus that causes them has been linked to cancer of the cervix, so it is important to have them treated. Symptoms Like many STDs, HPV does not always have visible symptoms. But when symptoms do occur, warts may be seen around the genital area. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix, or around the anus. In men, they may be seen on the tip of the penis, the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum, or around the anus. Genital warts also can develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person. Genital warts look like small flesh-colored, pink or red growths. The warts may look similar to the small parts of a cauliflower or they may be very tiny and difficult to see. They often appear in clusters of three or four, and may grow and spread rapidly. They usually are not painful, although they may cause mild pain, bleeding and itching. Diagnosis and Treatment Most women are diagnosed with HPV during an annual exam on the basis of abnormal Pap tests. A specific test is also available to detect HPV DNA in women. There are no tests for diagnosing HPV in men. No treatment can kill the virus that causes genital warts. Warts can be removed with laser therapy or by freezing or applying chemicals. Prescription treatments are also available for at home use. Surgery may be necessary for warts that are large or difficult to treat. Warts may recur, and need additional treatment. If you have genital warts, it is best to keep the area as dry as possible and wear all cotton underwear. Tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis are often taken when HPV is discovered because STDs often occur together and share similar symptoms. Possible Complications Not all forms of HPV are associated with cancer, however, having HPV may increase your risk of cervical cancer or cancer of the penis, even if treated. If you have genital warts, it is important to include cancer screening in your annual check-ups. Prevention Safe sexual practices will reduce your risk of infection. This includes limiting the number of sex partners and correct use of condoms. Since condoms do not cover the entire penis or surrounding areas every time you have sex through condoms, they are not 100% effective in prevention. Additional information is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. | 
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